# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature

> PT-141 references: every study cited across this digest of the bremelanotide record, with authors, journals, DOIs, and PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and DailyMed links.

Every source cited across this digest, listed with its identifiers so each claim can be traced to the primary record.

## How to read this list

Every numbered citation in the body of this site maps to an entry below. Each carries authors, journal, year, and a resolvable link — a PubMed (PMID) record, a ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT) entry, a DailyMed structured product label, or a DOI. Where a source is a conference abstract rather than peer-reviewed full text, that lower evidence tier is noted in the body where it is cited. The field-reports section on the [PT-141 side effects](/side-effects) page is the only content on this site that is deliberately uncited; it is labeled there as unverified community reports and is kept entirely separate from this record.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[7] Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(6):1084-1093. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35170192/
[8] Kim S, Cho MC, Cho SY, Chung H, Rajasekaran MR. Novel Emerging Therapies for Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health. 2021;39(1):48-64. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32202086/
[9] Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678061/
[10] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[11] Suzuki S, Yamamoto M, Sanomachi T, et al. Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma. Anticancer Res. 2024;44(9). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39197897/
[12] Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025 (conference abstract). https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108
[13] Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025 (conference abstract). https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390
[14] How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39846877/
[15] Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024;61(?). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36809187/

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A composed printed monograph that sets the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record in order — the one approved indication, the modest measured endpoints, and the nausea-led tolerability cost arranged and cited, with the unverified field reports kept on their own marked sheet; no clinic behind the press and nothing here prescribed, dispensed, or sold.